Bedini's Linear Current Amplifier

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

Complimentary Regulator Phase Splitter Ver.2

Here is another version of the "Complimentary Regulator Phase Splitter"

Regulator Phase Splitter Amp Ver2.pdf

This circuit is easier to modify to amplify DC, when this stage goes in the "Linear Amp Regulator" the capacitors C1 and C2 will be removed. The capacitors are there so I can just use a 12V single rail supply, to make testing easier.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

This is an update to the simplified diagram with a comparator, so to add voltage control.

Simplified Diagram with Comparator.pdf

To me it would make more sense to do like this. Anyway this is the block diagram, of my circuit goal, at this point in time.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

Voltage regulator phase splitter.pdf
I think the 2,5V zener is the better than my 4 diodes connected in series, R5 and R6 are not feedback resistors (R3 and R4 are the feedback resistors), they are to bias the output with the correct voltage, the original circuit from the internet, that lead me to this circuit had 10ohm for this resistor, I changed it to 47ohm, so I don't have to have the regulators on a heat sink. The 2 regulators are operating in class A. One positive "class A" and one negative "class A", they are opposite of each other. And I put the speaker between the outputs, to prove that the outputs are opposite to each other. So I know it is a phase splitter. R5 and R6 are low values only to set the correct bias to drive an 8ohm speaker.

When this stage is inside the "Linear Amp Regulator" R5 and R6 will be something 1K, 2K, 5K, etc.

In short this phase splitter circuit, converts an unbalanced signal to a balanced signal. The op-amp converts the balanced signal back to an unbalanced signal.

I think that in the "Linear Amp Regulator" the plus and minus regulators are phase splitting, so that the feed back from the battery is directly coupled to the op-amp, because the op-amp is operating with balanced inputs on a plus and minus supply of +15V and -15V or so. When the battery is charged and floating then the positive of the battery is the same as the op-amp ground. So it is always trying to pull the battery voltage to op-amp ground. (op-amp ground is held between 30V, so op-amp ground will be 15V same as the battery)

I could use op-amps and bias them in class A, http://tangentsoft.net/audio/opamp-bias.html then I would need to make current sources which will increase the component count, the regulators already have everything inside, just need to get past that internal zener. Just need to cancel out the internal zener with an external zener. The LM317 and LM337 have 1.25V Zeners inside the 2.5V external zener cancels out both these internal zeners. As you could imagine, the better the external zener is matched with both the zeners inside the regulators, the less distortion. The regulators are very much like a class "A" op-amp.

Have a look at this page about two thirds down the page you will see the LM317 internal schematic http://www.m0ukd.com/homebrew/alkali...rging-circuit/ When we know whats inside, it will help us design the phase splitter.


have a look at these links http://www.electroschematics.com/668...dio-amplifier/

http://www.electroschematics.com/670...ge-regulators/

I have been also working on a modified version of this circuit.

"Ecancanvas" Can I ask you what is the simulator you are using?. I have never used a simulator before. I have "protel 2004" with spice, but too many errors to resolve. I think I need to change software. At the moment my imagination is my circuit simulator.

[Ecancanvas]

Why did you use R5 and R6 in your Voltage regulator phase splitter
circuit. such low ohms for feedback. so you are sending feed back to pin 1 and pin 3. Im building up your circuit for audio, looks like fun. what are your ideas for attaching the op amp. just spitting out thoughts. I used a 2.5v zener in a circuit simulator and it gives quite different voltages from the 4 diodes.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

sorry,
been out for a while, totaled my car, i'm ok and recovering. Looks like I have lots of catch up to do.
have not had to buy a car in over 10 years, ouch!
Ed

It's good to know you are ok, happy thoughts for your recovery..It don't matter about the car, your life is more important.

I am in the process of making, the regulators, op-amp and output transistor and beta multiplier into an audio amp. I am going through each stage to the "linear amp regulator" I have gone the wrong direction a couple of times, and had to reset/reassess my thinking, back to "I know nothing" and start again.

I have made a simplified diagram to help me and others understand, more about the "Linear Amp Regulator"

Simplified Diagram.pdf

Please note, this is only the interpretation of a mere mortal.

This is missing the comparator, so this diagram may be updated, as I learn about the comparator stage.

[Ecancanvas]

sorry,
been out for a while, totaled my car, i'm ok and recovering. Looks like I have lots of catch up to do.
have not had to buy a car in over 10 years, ouch!
Ed

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

I have a voltage regulator phase splitter working

Very good news I have just figured out how to bias the voltage regulators, to make a phase splitter.

Here is the circuit, Voltage regulator phase splitter.pdf Using LM137 and LM337 voltage regulators.

I have it driving an 8ohm speaker. Just need to replace C1 and C2 for resistors, for use in the "linear amp regulator".
If the voltage regulators were a matched pair, then the distortion will be less. Still sounds good.

D1,D2,D3 & D4 can all be replaced by a 2.5V zener (in reverse bias) or the LM336 2.5V precision voltage reference IC.


Be thankful the small successes, and this will lead to the big success.

I am working on the "linear amp regulator" stage be stage.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

Linear amp Regulator, Regulators as audio amps

I have just been reading the "140 amp solar tracker" thread and John Bedini was talking about linear regulators as a class A audio amp.

Check it out, http://www.electroschematics.com/668...dio-amplifier/ super cool. And this circuit works and sounds really good, I had it working on a 12V computer power supply, I changed the 5K adjustable resistor to 1K, and the 10ohm resistor to 39ohm. And used my laptop to supply the music.

So now to think of the regulators,op-amp and output device as an audio amp. The plus and minus regulators, as phase splitters, to feed the inverting and non inverting inputs of the op-amp. The op-amp drives the output transistor. The feedback from the battery/load is feed into the input of the regulator phase splitter.

In order to achieve negative feedback between the input and output, The amp needs to be an inverting audio amp.

So I should be able to make regulators,op-amp and output device into a class A audio amp. Something like this example circuit

Audio Regulator Amp.pdf

Current limiting is achieved by R8, (the emitter resistor), Because R8 is inside the negative feedback loop, the voltage drop caused from current, is turning off the output device, in order to limit the current.

Why do I want to make an audio amp, because it's fun. And this is a big step toward success.

And here is a link for Class "A" audio amp design. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu...nic/npncc.html

This also means looking at the load line of the output device/transistor.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

This is a another current source, this is very similar to the current sensing in my previous schematic, except in my schematic I had a high side current sensing and this circuit in this link uses a low side current sensing.

http://www.analog.com/en/circuits-fr...cn0099/vc.html

This circuit could gives some hints of the linear amp design, too.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

Mr Bedini talks about servo amp, summing amp, and comparator. but his Op Amp is only 8 pins so the most he can have is 2 op amps unless one is hidden on the board that you cant see, or he is preforming the summing or servo current sensing an other way.

"Ecancanvas" You know the previous circuits with the op-amp for current sensing linear amp regulator.pdf

Guess what "it is a current source too" yes, no op-amp current sensing needed, the output transistor is the current source. So 2 op-amps.

So the circuit would look something like this Linear Amp Regulator-npn.pdf with 2 op-amps.

Have a look at these links http://sparksandflames.com/p15.html

http://sparksandflames.com/p16.html

"Joster" Use star grounding. This means run all grounds to a single physical point, for your PCB design. This is also mentioned in the first URL. Star grounding eliminates "earth loops" and stabilizes the circuit.

A star connection, at the negative pin of the pre-filter cap, and a thick track (thickened with solder) from "battery negative" to the "negative pin of the pre-filter cap".(the 15,000uF one).

A star connection, at the positive pin of the pre-filter cap, so you don't have "earth loops".

A star connection at op-amp ground, this eliminates unwanted noise entering the high impedance inputs of the op-amps.

A star connection at the emitter of the beta multiplier would not hurt, and a nice "thick as short as possible track" (thickened with solder) between the "emitter of the beta multiplier" and the output device.

If you wish to make extra measures, have star connections on all of the op-amp inputs.
All the resistors connecting to inputs/"summing points" of the op-amp/s connect to a single point at the input pin/s of the op-amps.

This is like designing a circuit board for an audio amp.

I will indicate the star connections on my future schematics.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

The current that passes through the beta multiplier is the same current that flows though the output device and the battery, because these are connected in series.

For the battery to see the same impedance as it'sellf the voltage needs to be double, with the same current.

R10 sets the current regulation, if there is too much current, it will drag the voltage of the pre-filter cap to less than double, so R10 needs to be set so it does not drag down the voltage of the "linear amp regulator." to less than double.

The beta multiplier gyrator and pre-filter cap is a power source with adjustable impedance, because the current is held constant, the voltage of the beta multiplier becomes a function of the impedance, just like with the battery.

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

Nityesh,

Awesome work..I suppose I was alittle early laying out a pcb board for this haha...looks like you have things fleshed out now quite well. Would you say i could go ahead and order the parts for this first prototype now?

If you have the inspiration to do this don't hold back, and have lots of fun.

[Joster]

Nityesh,

Awesome work..I suppose I was alittle early laying out a pcb board for this haha...looks like you have things fleshed out now quite well. Would you say i could go ahead and order the parts for this first prototype now?

[Nityesh Schnaderbeck]

Here is a schematic that uses a PNP current source as the output device.



linear amp regulator2-pnp.pdf

Both NPN and PNP variations can be tested, so we can find out what is the best.

[Ecancanvas]

"Ecancanvas" you have figured out the impedance sensing of the battery without knowing it. I could not really understand the phrase "The emitter resistor that balances the emitter", unless it is a current source..

Glad to be your Muse, Ill reconfigure the circuit i have bread boarded to follow along and test your new adaptations.